During the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648), the Dutch fought for their independence from Spanish rule. In 1581, the northern provinces of the Netherlands declared their independence, forming the Dutch Republic. The Dutch Golden Age followed, during which the country became a center of culture, science, and commerce. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) became the first multinational corporation in the world and played a significant role in expanding Dutch influence overseas.

In the late 18th century, the Dutch Republic was weakened by economic decline and political turmoil, leading to the establishment of the Batavian Republic in 1795, a French client state. The Netherlands briefly became a monarchy in 1815, with the establishment of the Kingdom of the Netherlands under King William I.

During the 20th century, the Netherlands remained neutral during World War I but was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. The Dutch Resistance played an important role in the liberation of the country in 1945.

After World War II, the Netherlands became a founding member of NATO, the European Union, and the United Nations. The country experienced a period of rapid economic growth and social change during the 1950s and 1960s, known as the “Dutch Miracle.” This period saw significant advancements in social welfare, civil rights, and environmental protection.

Today, the Netherlands is known for its liberal policies, high standard of living, and prominent role in international trade and commerce. It is home to many world-renowned institutions, including the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, as well as a thriving cultural scene, with museums, festivals, and landmarks like the Van Gogh Museum, the Anne Frank House, and the Keukenhof Gardens.